Also called hedge apple, horse apple, monkey ball, bois d'arc, bodark, and bodock.
In the autumn, produces large numbers of tough fruit. Once widespread in the Americas, it probably evolved this tough fruit with and to be spread by mastodon, mammoth, and giant ground-sloth.[1][2] After the Holocene extinction removed these large herbivorous megafauna, the fruit usually rotted-in-place, leading to poor seed-dispersal and a steep decline in range to one river valley in parts of Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas.[1][2]
Uses by native peoples
(Ethnobotany database)
American Indians valued (among other things) the tree's strong, flexible wood to make ♐︎ bows for ↣ arrows.
Later, Europeans named the locals Osage Indians, and named the tree after them.[1][2]
Due to the tree's long
thorns
and the way the tree spreads, farmers soon planted the tree widely along fencelines. The tree is now quite common across the 🇺🇸 USA and 🇨🇦 Ontario.[3]
Genus used as host by caterpillars of 8 species
of 🦋 butterflies and moths, in some areas.
References
[1]
The Trees That Miss The Mammoths by Whit Bronaugh
retrieved 2016-12-06 by EP.
[2]
Anachronistic Fruits and the Ghosts Who Haunt Them by Connie Barlow
retrieved 2016-12-06 by EP.
[3]
Personal communication, a while back by EP's great-aunt and -uncle to EP. They had several on their property line.