with successive buds …
always 180° around stem, often making stem zig-zag between buds or spiral around stem, with stem NOT zig-zagging :
bark=very thick ║ ║ ║ vertical ribs, looks covered with warts or puffy paint; often has dark 🍒︎ cherry-like fruithackberry Celtis occidentalis buds=very small, partly hiding beneath twig bark; often has dry seed capsulessourwood Oxydendrum arboreum buds=not hiding :
buds= centered over ⬮ leaf scar or buds=not centered over ⬮ leaf scar :
thorns=none; twigs do not zig-zag, are light-brown; side-buds=same width as twig;mulberry genus Morus
side-buds=wider than twig; bark=long ◼︎ square-ended strips peel upwardAmerican hophornbeam (🛠 ironwood) Ostrya virginiana side-buds=wider than twig; bark=gray or dark-blueAmerican hornbeam (💪︎ musclewood) Carpinus caroliniana
some twigs have 1–4 ✦ corky wingsrock (or cork) elm Ulmus thomasii twigs=very thinSiberian elm Ulmus pumila buds=dark, fuzzy; inner bark=slipperyslippery elm or ■ red elm Ulmus rubra buds=brown, not fuzzyAmerican elm Ulmus americana
⬮ leaf scars[?]=raised; lenticels[?]=light-colored and raised, conspicuous against dark shiny bark
⬮ leaf scars=compact, with 3 vascular bundle scars,[?] centered directly above side bud ⨇ scale[?]aspen / cottonwood / poplar genus Populus
⬮ leaf scars =🌙︎ thin crescent; buds=⫴ hairy and blunt; tree=wide🍎︎ common apple Malus pumila ⬮ leaf scars =🌙︎ thin crescent; buds=woolly tips; twigs=smooth🍎︎ wild crabapple Malus coronaria ⬮ leaf scars =🌙︎ thin crescent; buds=woolly tips; twigs=woolly🍎︎ prairie crabapple Malus ioensis
🏠︎ 🌳︎🍃︎ broadleaves, branches ╟ alternate, list of attributes, no catkins thorns pods, w/terminal buds